Semantics

Malcolm's
Chapter 5, Exercise # 2
(a)    He waited by the bank (financial institution) or He waited by the bank (shore).
(b)    Is he really that kind (nice) or Is he really that kind (type)?
(c)    The proprietor of the fish store was the sole (only) owner or The proprietor of the fish store was the sole (also owned the sole of a shoe) owner.
(d)    The long drill (activity) was boring or The long drill (physical machinery) was boring.
(e)    When he got the clear title to the land, it was a good deed (task) or When he got the clear title to the land, it was a good deed (certificate of ownership).
(f)    It takes a good ruler (king) to make a straight line or It takes a good ruler (measuring tool) to make a straight line.
(g)    He saw that gasoline can explode.
(h)    You should see her shop (shop could be a location/store or it can be a verb)
(i)    Every man loves a woman.
(j)    Bill wants to marry a Norwegian woman (woman from Norway) or (a woman with a culture, style, or preference that’s characteristic of Norway).

Bruce's
Bruce F. Havostal
Linguistic Elements in ESL
Chapter 5 Question # 6
August 2, 2005

Question # 6: “There are –nym words that describe semantic relations and facts about words and word classes. We mentioned acronyms in chapter 3, though not in this chapter. How many more –nym words and their meaning can you come up with? Try for three. Five would be great. Ten is possible. (Hint: One such –nym word was the winning word in the 1997 National Spelling Bee.)

1.)    Cryptonyms- words that are a secret name. “Deep Throat”
2.)    Allonyms- an assumed name.
3.)    Ananyms- a word name derived from a real name written backwards.
4.)    Eponym- words that are person’s names that are used to derive other names for cities, countries, etc. like Rome derived from “Romulus.”
5.)    Pseudonym- words that are fictitious names: Mark Twain, Pearl Buck.
6.)    Paronym- formed from another word in another language like “beautiful or beauteous.”
7.)    Tautonymn- a species name where the generic and species name is the same Loa Loa (an eye worm).
8.)    Toponym- a place name like “Guinea Rice” for rice from Guinea.

Others:
Anthroponym name of a “human being” surname.
Basonym “base name” of a taxon
Caconym bad sounding taxonomic name.
Charactonym i.e. Casper
Euonym i.e. “Babe Ruth” this word was THE WINNER OF THE 1997 SPELLING BEE spelled correctly by Rebecca Sealfon.

Ref. sources:
1.)    American Heritage English Dictionary (AHED) 1991.
2.)    Webster’s 11th Collegiate on CD-ROM.
3.)    Webster’s, 3rd International 11th on CD-ROM.
4.)    Encarta Encyclopedia 2004 DVD Reference Library.
5.)    Fromkin 2003.

Chapter 5

Karen Andrews
Chapter 5
8/1/05

Answers to Question #5

A. List Heteronyms	B. Autoantonyms
a. Affect b. Alternate c. Close d. Conflict e. Contest f. Convert g. Digest h. Entrance i. House j. Invalid k. Lead l. Minute m. Moderate n. Object o. Present p. Produce q. Project r. Rebel s. Record t. Recreation u. Sewer v. Suspect w. Tear x. Wind y. Wound	a. bound (bound for Chicago, moving) (tied up, unable to move) b. buckle (buckle your pants -- to hold together) (knees buckled -- to collapse, fall apart) c. citation (award for good behavior) (penalty for bad behavior) d. left (remaining) (having gone) e. clip (attach to) (cut off from)

C. Antiautonyms
a. Definite/indefinite

bone - debone: to remove the bones from something
bouch - debouch: to open out into a wider area or to pour forth (bouch is a shortening of debouch, which is the correct word)
categorical - uncategorical: without exception, absolutely (uncategorical is colloquial but technically wrong)
ebriate - inebriate: both words mean drunk (the in- prefix is not used here as a negative but to mean 'in', as in 'being in a state of ebriation')
flammable - inflammable: combustible (inflammable is the original form, while flammable is a modern rendering)
heritable - inheritable: able to be inherited (as with inebriate, the 'in' suggests being in a state rather than a negation of that state)
I could care less - I couldn't care less: don't care (the first phrase is an American colloquialism)
loosen - unloosen: both mean to make loose
pricey - priceless: dead expensive
regardless - irregardless: without regard or consideration (irregardless is an American colloquialism)
shameless - shameful: (not quite the same, you may think, in that a shameful act is likely to be committed by a shameless person, but both can be used to express a specific act as being pretty bad)
valuable - invaluable: worth a lot (though invaluable tends to suggest pricelessness)
UK: Contronyms

Chapter 5: “The Meanings of Language”
Charlotte Stice
Exercise 17

The following sentences make certain presuppositions. What are they?

a.    Please take me out to the ball game again.
Presupposition: You took me out to the ball game at least once before.

b.    Valerie regretted not receiving a new T-bird for Labor Day.
Presupposition: Valerie is accustomed to getting a new car on Labor Day.

c.    That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad.
Presupposition: Emily owned a turtle.

d.    The administration forgot that the professors support the students.
Presupposition: The professors actually do support the students.

e.    It is an atrocity that the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001.
Presupposition: The WTC was attacked on Sept. 11, 2001.

f.    Isn’t an atrocity that the World Trade Center was attacked on September 11, 2001?
Presupposition: Same as e.

g.    Disa wants more popcorn.
Presupposition: Disa had some popcorn already.

h.    Why don’t pigs have wings?
Presupposition: Pigs don’t have wings.

i.    Who discovered Pluto in 1930?
Presupposition: Pluto was discovered in 1930.

William J. Camarinos
TRED 256
Dr. Jill Robbins
Chapter 5 - Question #9
August 2, 2005

Here are some proper names of U.S. restaurants. Can you figure out the basis
for the name?

a. Mustard's Last Stand     "Custer's Last Stand"

b. Aunt Chilada's           enchilada

c. Lion on the Beach        Lying on the beach…

d. Pizza Paul and Mary      "Peter, Paul, and Mary"

e. Franks for the Memories "Thanks for the memories…"

f. Weiner Take All          Winner takes all.

g. Dressed to Grill         Dressed to kill.

h. Deli Beloved             Dearly Beloved:

i. Gone with the Wings       "Gone with the Wind"

j. Aunt Chovy's Pizza       anchovies with pizza

j. Polly Esther's               "Polyester"

l. Dewey, Cheatam, & Howe   Do we cheat them and how!

m. Thai Me up Café          Tie me up!

n. Romancing the Cone       "Romancing the Stone"

Chapter 5, Exercise 12
a.     My aunt is a man. C
b.     Witches are wicked. S
c.     My brother is an only child. C
d.     The evening star isn’t the morning star. S
e.     The evening star isn’t the evening star. C
f.     Babies are adults. C
g.     Babies can lift one ton. S
h.     Puppies are human. C
i.     My bachelor friends are all married. C
j.     My bachelor friends are all lonely. S

Summary of Selected Outside Sources - Using Computers in Authorship Attribution Studies
(Chapter 9, Exercise 4)

Bruce's Exercise:

Chapter 9 Question # 4
July 28, 2005

4.    Suppose you were given a manuscript of a play and were told that, it is by either Christopher Marlowe or William Shakespeare (both born in 1564). Suppose further that this work, and all works by Marlowe and Shakespeare, were in a computer. Describe how you would use the computer to help determine the true authorship of the mysterious play.

First, I would perform a statistical analysis of the unknown manuscript using one or more of the following: concordance, collocation, or frequency. The statistical analysis could be based on a host of different factors including dialogue of words and phrases spoken by the actors, letters, sounds or morphemes used etc.
Next, I would compare the frequency analysis data of the unknown manuscript with the frequency analysis obtained from known works of Marlowe and Shakespeare. I would then make my best hypothesis based on the data as to the most likely author of the unknown manuscript. Reference Fromkin pages 413-414.

Chapter 9 Question # 5
July 28, 2005

5. Speech synthesis is useful because it allows computers to convey information without requiring the user to be sighted. Think of five other uses for speech synthesis in our society.

a.    It could be used in warfare like in Iraq where soldiers could use “computer translators” to communicate with prisoners.
b.    Stephen Hawking the world-renowned Physicist from Cambridge uses a computer speech synthesizer to communicate with students because of his cerebral palsy, so I would use it for individuals with speech disabilities.
c.    It can be used in education to teach elementary students word vocabulary or reading skills.
d.    Employing voice synthesized operators to perform information serving tasks over the phone.
e.    Voice synthesized co-pilots to assist operators of planes, trains, or automobiles of emergency conditions, directions, or assistance.

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